Preliminary Results

Studies from which we have received data include (Allen and Ross 2024; Zhang, Shi, and Ross 2025).

Figure 1: General timeline for all animal model challenge study data. Animals were made optionally made pre-immune through some vaccination or challenge, were vaccinated, and challenged. Pre-challenge titers must have been quantified. After challenge, animals were monitored for clinical outcomes such as viral lung titers, weights, severe illness, etc. Created with BioRender.com.

Proposed Study

Expected Outcomes

References

Allen, James D., and Ted M. Ross. 2024. “mRNA Vaccines Encoding Computationally Optimized Hemagglutinin Elicit Protective Antibodies Against Future Antigenically Drifted H1N1 and H3N2 Influenza Viruses Isolated Between 2018-2020.” Front Immunol 15 (March): 1334670. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1334670.

Zhang, Xiaojian, Hua Shi, and Ted M. Ross. 2025. “Multivalent H3 COBRA-based Influenza Vaccine Elicits Enhanced Immune Response in a Pre-Immune Elderly Ferret Model.” Vaccine 56 (May): 127156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127156.