Potential Animal Study Data Source Summaries

Purpose

This page contains a general literature review in which I am looking for potential data sources for a project that will assess correlates of protection against influenza outcomes in animal models. Figure 1 shows the basic layout of data we need - titers in pre-immune animals prior to live virus challenge (prefereably non-lethal) with follow up to assess clinical outcomes such as infection, weight loss, fatality, etc. We are primarily looking for data from mouse/murine and ferret studies, but are open to other models as well if enough data present themselves.

This page is generally organized by interest/availability of data. It has a section of “potential data sources” (P, Section 2.1) that appear to have the data we need, but have not been confirmed to have all that data or to be available to us. It then has “confirmed” (C, Section 2.2) and “rejected” (R, Section 2.3) sections.

Tompkins papers reviewed:

• Section 2.1.1 - Page et al. (2025); P
• Section 2.1.3 - Hoxie et al. (2024); P
• Section 2.1.6 - Bimler et al. (2021); P
• Section 2.1.7 - Mooney et al. (2017); P
• Section 2.1.8 - Smith et al. (2012); P
• Curran et al. (2024); R
• Chopra et al. (2024); R
• Lieber et al. (2023); R
• Luczo et al. (2023); R
• Pliasas et al. (2023); R
• Driskell et al. (2010); R

Ross papers reviewed:

• Section 2.1.4 - Uno et al. (2024); P
• Section 2.1.5 - Uno and Ross (2024); P
• Section 2.1.2 - Allen and Ross (2024); C

Figure 1

Lit Review

Potential data sources

Neuraminidase-specific antibodies drive differential cross-protection between contemporary FLUBV lineages (Page et al. 2025)

• First/Last Authors: Caroline K. Page/Mark Tompkins

• Author we know (loc): Caroline PAge (first), Mark Tompkins (last)

• Animal Model: Mouse/Murine

• Summary: “Here, we establish two animal models to replicate preliminary human observations and demonstrate that NA-specific antibodies are key mediators of cross-protection from contemporary Victoria to Yamagata viruses. These findings offer important insights into the asymmetric immunity between FLUBV lineages and how viral evolution influences immune responses.”

• Notes:

  • Tl;dr - has the basic data needed, but only assesses cross-lineage protection (i.e. Yamagata antibodies protecting against Victoria and vice versa); not sure if we’re focusing on homologous or including heterologous antibodies yet.
  • “… FLUAV preimmune ferrets, previously exposed to A/California/07/2009 (H1N1), along with naïve ferrets were intranasally inoculated with either B/Washington/02/2019 (Victoria) or B/Oklahoma/10/2018 (Yamagata) at a dose of \(10^6\) plaque-forming units (PFU). No clinical signs, such as weight loss or temperature changes, were observed in any group (fig. S1, A to D), and FLUBV replication was comparable in the upper respiratory tract of H1N1-preimmune and naïve ferrets for both lineages.”
  • “To assess differences in duration of cross-protection following initial FLUBV infection, the ferrets were rested for either 2 or 6 months prior to being challenged with the opposing influenza B lineage virus”
  • “Mice were intranasally infected with a sublethal dose of 103 PFU of either a contemporary or noncontemporary Victoria or Yamagata virus…Thirty-five days postinfection, after clearance of the acute infection and the establishment of immune memory, the animals were reinfected with a contemporary or noncontemporary cross-lineage challenge virus, and lungs were collected to assess viral replication.”
  • “Mice were passively transferred serum conferred from either a contemporary Victoria or Yamagata infection and subsequently challenged intranasally with 103 PFU of a cross-lineage contemporary virus”

mRNA vaccines encoding computationally optimized hemagglutinin elicit protective antibodies against future antigenically drifted H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses isolated between 2018-2020 (Allen and Ross 2024)

• First/Last Authors: James D. Allen/Ted M. Ross

• Author we know (loc): Ted M. Ross

• Animal Model: Mouse/Murine

• Summary: “Overall, this was the first time that mRNA encoding COBRA HA antigens were synthesized and used to vaccinate immunologically naïve mice to determine their effectiveness at eliciting broadly protective antibody responses against diverse panels of H1N1 and H3N2 vaccine strains from the last decade. These responses were superior to those elicited by wild-type mRNA expressing HA antigens at inhibiting viral binding to host cell surface receptors and preventing viral infection. Thus, demonstrating the potential benefits of using in-silico designed influenza mRNA vaccine antigens to elicit more broadly protective immune responses over traditional wild-type vaccine antigens.”

• Notes:

  • “At the beginning of the study the mice were randomly divided into 10 groups (n=11 mice/group), and vaccinated intramuscularly with 50mL of a solution containing 1mg of mRNA vaccines encoding the HA proteins of either the H1 COBRA Y2, H1 A/California/07/2009, H3 COBRA NG2 or H3 A/Kansas/14/2017 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), or 50mL of PBS alone as a placebo control vaccine (24, 30, 50). The vaccines were administered as either a monovalent (1mg) or bivalent (H1 + H3) (1mg each) formulation intramuscularly into the hamstring of the hind leg of the mice on the first day of the study and again on day 28. Blood samples were obtained from the facial vein of the animals on day 14 and day 42 post initial vaccination.”

  • “On day 56 post initial vaccination, 55 of the mice (n= [11] mice/group) were infected with 50 mL of a human A/California/07/2009 H1N1 influenza isolate that has been passaged in eggs (EP4) at a dose of 5x104 PFU/50mL. Also on day 56 post initial vaccination, another set of 55 mice (n=11 mice/group) were challenged with 50mL of a human A/Kansas/14/2017 H3N2 influenza isolate that has been passaged in eggs (EP1) at a dose of 1.55x107 PFU/50mL. Mice were observed for 14 consecutive days after infection for weight loss and clinical signs of infection. A humane 25% weight loss cut off was observed for all mice, post infection, as previously established by the IACUC committee. On the third day of the viral challenge, 3 mice from each group were humanely euthanized, and their lungs were removed, snap frozen, and stored at -80°C. Following day 14 of the influenza virus challenge, all mice were humanely euthanized using IACUC approved methods.”

  • We already have this data from Yao

A recombinant N2 neuraminidase-based CpG 1018® adjuvanted vaccine provides protection against challenge with heterologous influenza viruses in mice and hamsters (Hoxie et al. 2024)

• First/Last Authors: Irene Hoxie/Florian Krammer

• Author we know (loc): Mark Tompkins (middle), Florian Krammer (last)

• Animal Model: Mouse/Murine, Hamster

• Summary: “Here, we evaluated the immunogenicity and cross-protective potential of a recombinant influenza virus N2 neuraminidase vaccine construct, adjuvanted with a toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist (CpG 1018® adjuvant), and alum. The combination of CpG 1018 adjuvant and alum induced a balanced and robust humoral and T-cellular immune response against the NA, which provided protection and reduced morbidity against homologous and heterologous viral challenges in mouse and hamster models. This study supports Syrian hamsters as a useful complementary animal model to mice for pre-clinical evaluation of influenza virus vaccines.”

• Notes:

  • Mouse study at Mt. Sinai, hamster study at University of Wisconsin-Madison

  • “For mouse studies, naive 6–8-week-old BALB/c or DBA/2J mice were initially primed intramuscularly . . . A second vaccination with the same vaccine formulations was administered on day 21 following the initial dose. Blood samples were collected by submandibular bleed on day 21 after the prime and on day 28 after the booster vaccination and used for subsequent serology assays.

  • “To assess the protective efficacy of the tested vaccine formulations in an H3N2 challenge model, DBA/2J mice were anesthetized with 100ul of ketamine-xylazine cocktail (87.5 mg/kg, 12.5 mg/kg) and intranasally infected with either 5 or 25 times the 50 % lethal dose (LD50) in 50ul of the heterologous mouse-adapted A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (H3N2) influenza virus strain which is antigenically closer to the vaccine antigen. DBA/2J mice were used here since they are more susceptible to recent human H3N2 strains. Vaccinated BALB/c mice were infected with 5xLD50 doses of A/Philippines/2/1982 (H3N2, X-79), A/Hong Kong/2/68 (H3N2, X-31), or A/swine/Germany/Bak50/2017 (H1N2, A/PR/8/34 6:2 reassortant). Survival and body weight change in mice were monitored for 14 days following the challenge.”

  • “Syrian hamsters (4–6-week-old males; Charles River) were confirmed to be seronegative for recent circulating H3N2 influenza viruses before being immunized. Three groups of 4 Syrian hamsters were intramuscularly immunized . . . Three weeks later, the hamsters were boosted with the same antigen. Serum samples were collected three weeks after the first immunization and three weeks after the boost immunization to measure antibody responses elicited by the immunization. Under isoflurane anesthesia, the hamsters were intranasally inoculated with 106 plaque forming units (pfu) of homologous (A/Kansas/14/2017, H3N2) or heterologous (A/Aichi/2/1968, H3N2) viruses three weeks after the boost. . . On days 3 and 5 post-challenge, hamsters were humanely euthanized, and lungs, tracheas, and nasal turbinates were collected for virus titration via plaque assay.”

  • “For the mice, animals were vaccinated (Fig. 1), and challenged with a **sublethal challenge dose of 0.1 LD50 of A/Switzerland/9715293/2013. Lungs were harvested 3 and 6 days post-infection, and homogenized.” (Not sure if this was at Mt. Sinai or UWisconsin-Madison - this is stated in the same section as the study referencing Wisconsin ethics)

Intranasal administration of octavalent next-generation influenza vaccine elicits protective immune responses against seasonal and pre-pandemic viruses (Uno et al. 2024)

• First/Last Authors: Naoko Uno/Ted M. Ross

• Author we know: Ted M. Ross (last)

• Animal Model: Ferret

• Summary: “Octavalent mixtures of COBRA hemagglutinin (HA) (H1, H2, H3, H5, H7, and influenza B virus) plus neuraminidase (NA) (N1 and N2) recombinant proteins mixed with c-di-AMP adjuvant were administered intranasally to naive or pre-immune ferrets in prime-boost fashion. Four weeks after final vaccination, collected sera were analyzed for breadth of antibody response, and the animals were challenged with seasonal or pre-pandemic strains. The octavalent COBRA vaccine elicited antibodies that recognized a broad panel of strains representing different subtypes, and these vaccinated animals were protected against influenza virus challenges. Overall, this study demonstrated that the mixture of eight COBRA HA/NA proteins mixed with an intranasal adjuvant is a promising candidate for a universal influenza vaccine.”

• Notes:

  • “Ferrets were randomly divided into [four] vaccine groups, and each vaccine group had three different infection groups (n = 4–6). The groups were pre-immune ferrets given octavalent COBRA vaccine, naive ferrets given octavalent COBRA vaccine, pre-immune ferrets given mock vaccine, and naive ferrets given mock vaccine.”
  • “For the pre-immune groups, ferrets that had been previously exposed to CA/09 prior to this study were infected with Pan/99 and B/HK/01 60 days prior to vaccination.”
  • “Ferrets were boosted 28 days after initial vaccination. Blood was harvested from all anesthetized ferrets via the anterior vena cava prior to vaccination and at days 28 and 56 post-initial vaccination.”
  • “On day 56 post-vaccination, ferrets were challenged i.n. with H1N1 Bris/18 (108 PFU), IBV B/WA/19 (107 PFU), or a lethal dose of H5N1 Vn/04 (105 PFU, BSL3 select agent) viruses in a volume of 1 mL (n = 5 per vaccine group per challenge).”
  • “Ferrets were monitored daily for weight loss, disease signs, and death for 10 days after infection. Experimental endpoints were defined as >20% wt loss compared to initial body weight. Additionally, dyspnea, lethargy, response to external stimuli, and other respiratory distress were closely monitored for the determination of humane endpoint.”

Multivalent next generation influenza virus vaccines protect against seasonal and pre-pandemic viruses (Uno and Ross 2024)

• First/Last Authors: Naoko Uno/Ted M. Ross

• Author we know (loc): Ted M. Ross (last)

• Animal Model: Mouse/Murine

• Summary: “In this study, mice were vaccinated intramuscularly with multiple COBRA HA and NA immunogens in quadrivalent (H1, H3, N1, N2) or heptavalent (H1, H2, H3, H5, H7, N1, N2) regimens formulated with AddaVax™, an oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant. These vaccines elicited protective immune responses against a wide breadth of seasonal IAV strains. Heptavalent formulations elicited protective immune responses against a wide breadth of pre-pandemic strains as well. Multivalent COBRA HA and NA proteins are promising candidates for a universal, broadly-reactive influenza vaccine.”

• Notes:

  • “Mice were randomly divided into four vaccine groups (n=44) and each vaccine group had four different infection groups (n=11). The vaccine groups were quadrivalent COBRA formulation, consisting of seasonal components H1 HA (Y2), H3 HA (NG2), N1 NA (N1I), and N2 NA (N2A); heptavalent COBRA formulation, consisting of seasonal Y2, NG2, N1I, N2A along with pandemic components H2 HA (Z1), H5 HA (IAN 8), and H7 HA (Q6); adjuvant only; or negative control. The vaccines were formulated with 3 μg of each recombinant protein or phosphatebuffered saline (PBS, Corning, Tewkbury, MA, USA) and adjuvanted with an emulsified squalene-based oil-inwater emulsion adjuvant, AddaVax™ (InvivoGen, San Diego, CA, USA) at 1:1 ratio.”
  • “Vaccines were administered intramuscularly (i.m.) into the hind leg of the animals on day 0, 28, and 56 in a homologous prime-boost-boost regimen. Blood was collected from the facial vein 14 days following each vaccination, on day 14, 42, and 70.”
  • “Four weeks after final vaccination, mice were challenged intranasally (i.n.) with 50 μL volume of live influenza virus: lethal dose of Bris/18 (3 × 106 PFU), KS/17 (6 × 106 PFU), MA-Switz/13 (1 × 105 PFU), Mal/MN/08 (1 × 104 PFU), lethal dose of H5N6 Sich/14 (106 PFU), or lethal dose of Anhui/13 (102 PFU, under biosafety level 3 (BSL3) conditions). Following infection, the animals’ body weights were recorded daily, and the animals were monitored twice daily for clinical signs (labored breathing, lethargy, hunched back, ruffled fur, failure to respond to stimuli, and severe respiratory distress) for 14 days. Weight loss more than 25% was used as a primary measurement for determination of humane endpoint. On days 2 or 3 and 6 after infection, three animals from each group were sacrificed, and lungs were collected to assess viral load. Lungs were frozen on dry ice and stored at − 80 °C. Remaining mice (n = 5) were euthanized 14 days after challenge.”

Matrix Protein 2 Extracellular Domain-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies Are an Effective and Potentially Universal Treatment for Influenza A (Bimler et al. 2021)

• First/Last Authors: Lynn Bimler/Silke Paust

• Author we know (loc): Mark Tompkins (second to last)

• Animal Model: Mouse/Murine

• Summary: “We generated seven murine M2e-MAbs and utilized in vitro and in vivo assays to validate the specificity of our novel M2eMAbs and to explore the universality of their protective potential. Our data show our M2e-MAbs bind to the M2e peptide, HEK cells expressing the M2 channel, as well as influenza virions, and MDCK-ATL cells infected with influenza viruses of multiple serotypes. Our antibodies significantly protect BALB/c mice that are highly susceptible to influenza A virus from lethal challenge with H1N1 A/PR/8/34, pH1N1 A/CA/07/2009, H5N1 A/Vietnam/1203/2004, and H7N9 A/Anhui/1/2013 by improving survival rates and weight loss. Based on these results, at least four of our seven M2e-MAbs show strong potential as universal influenza A treatments.”

• Notes:

  • Conducted at Baylor College of Medicine and UGA
  • “We vaccinated 3 times 21 days apart prior to boosting, as this protocol has been demonstrated to produce consistently high antibody titers in all IgG subclasses (significantly higher than 2 vaccinations) and to produce memory B cells that can be activated to produce an increased antibody titer even to geriatric age in mice, 16 months postvaccination.”
  • “Mice were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the specified MAb at a specified dose 24 hours before virus challenge with 10x the 50% lethal dose (LD50) of the specified virus. H1N1 challenge virus was administered in 20ml of PBS intranasally to mice anesthetized with isoflurane. The pH1N1 and H5N1 challenge viruses were administered in 30ml of PBS intranasally to mice anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine. The H7N9 virus was administered intranasally to mice anesthetized with 2,2,2-tribromoethanol in tert-amyl alcohol (avertin; Aldrich Chemical Co.). The viral inoculum titer of each challenge with pH1N1, H7N9, and H5N1 was determined on MDCK-ATL cells to confirm dose. If specified, a subset of mice were humanely euthanized, and tissues collected to determine virus titer 3 days postinfection (dpi). All animals were monitored for body weight and humane endpoints for euthanization. Survival and weight loss were monitored for up to 21 dpi or until all animals recovered to at least 90% starting body weight.”

Vaccination with Recombinant Parainfluenza Virus 5 Expressing Neuraminidase Protects against Homologous and Heterologous Influenza Virus Challenge (Mooney et al. 2017)

• First/Last Authors: Alaina J. Mooney/S. Mark Tompkins

• Author we know (loc): Mark Tompkins (last)

• Animal Model: Mouse/Murine

• Summary: “Here we show that vaccination with parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), a promising live viral vector expressing NA from avian (H5N1) or pandemic (H1N1) influenza virus, elicited NA-specific antibody and T cell responses, which conferred protection against homologous and heterologous influenza virus challenges. Vaccination with PIV5-N1 NA provided cross-protection against challenge with a heterosubtypic (H3N2) virus. Experiments using antibody transfer indicate that antibodies to NA have an important role in protection. These findings indicate that PIV5 expressing NA may be effective as a broadly protective vaccine against seasonal influenza and emerging pandemic threats.”

• Notes:

  • Tl;dr - basic data structure that we want, but only IgG and NA/NAI assays - if we also want to look at IgG/NAI as CoP, these data seem like they would work
  • “To determine if vaccination with rPIV5-N1 induces an NA-specific antibody response, BALB/c mice were vaccinated and boosted by i.n. inoculation with PIV5, rPIV5-N1(VN), or rPIV5-N1(CA). Positive-control mice were i.m. immunized with the rgA/VN-PR8 or A/CA/04/09 influenza virus. Mice were bled on day 21 postprime and on day 7 postboost (day 35 postpriming). Pooled serum from each vaccination group was assessed for levels of A/VN/1203/04- and A/CA/04/09specific IgG by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).”
  • “To determine whether the NA-specific antibodies could block specific neuraminidase activity, serum was analyzed in a 20-(4-methylumbelliferyl)--D-Nacetylneuraminic acid (MUNANA)-based NA inhibition (NAI) assay.”
  • “. . . immunized mice were challenged with HPAI H5N1 (A/Vietnam/1203/04), pandemic H1N1 (A/California/04/09), or heterosubtypic H3N2 (A/Philippines/2/82 X79) virus. BALB/c mice were immunized, challenged at 7 days postboost with 10 50% lethal doses (LD50) of influenza virus, and monitored for morbidity and mortality.”
  • “Ferrets were immunized i.n. with 107 PFU of PIV5, rPIV5-N1(CA), or rPIV5-N1(VN) or 105 PFU of A/CA/04/09. Twenty-one days after immunization, ferrets were challenged with \(10^6\) PFU of A/CA/04/09 and monitored for clinical signs, and nasal wash samples were collected on days 2, 4, 6, and 8 postchallenge.”

Nebulized Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Provides Protection in Ferrets at a Reduced Dose (Smith et al. 2012)

• First/Last Authors: Jennifer Humberd Smith/Ralph A. Tripp

• Author we know (loc): Mark Tompkins (2nd to last)

• Animal Model: Ferret

• Summary: “We investigated LAIV vaccination in ferrets using a high efficiency nebulizer designed for nasal delivery. LAIV nasal aerosol elicited high levels of serum neutralizing antibodies and protected ferrets from homologous virus challenge at conventional (107 TCID50) and significantly reduced (103 TCID50) doses. Aerosol LAIV also provided a significant level of subtype-specific cross protection. These results demonstrate the dose-sparing potential of nebulizer-based nasal aerosol LAIV delivery.”

• Notes:

  • “Ferrets were anesthetized . . . and inoculated intranasally with 0.2 ml (0.1 ml/nostril) or by aerosol (0.2 ml estimated dose) using a AeroVax™ nebulizer, with either \(10^3\) or \(10^7\) TCID50 of SD-LAIV for the homologous virus challenge study and \(10^5\) TCID50 of SD-LAIV or CA09 for the heterotypic challenge study.
  • “Ferrets were challenged 21 days post vaccination . . . Daily weights and temperatures were recorded for seven days after vaccination and/or challenge.”
  • “Sera samples were collected from each ferret prior to inoculation, 14 days post exposure, and 14 or 17 days post challenge. All sera were . . . tested in a hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay . . .”

Template - Paper title [intextcit]

• First/Last Authors:
• Author we know (loc):
• Animal Model:
• Summary:
• Notes:

Confirmed data sources

Acquired data

Allen and Ross (2024) - Section 2.1.2

Denied/Rejected data sources

Abstract rejection

Chopra et al. (2024)

• No actual animal models - just receptor specificity

Curran et al. (2024)

• No pre-infection immunization

Lieber et al. (2023)

• No pre-infection immunization

Luczo et al. (2023)

• No pre-infection immunization

Pliasas et al. (2023)

• General methods match, but this is all swine, and I’m not sure we plan to look at swine (but if we do, this could move to potential)

Nachbagauer et al. (2018)

• No pre-infection immunization, other than monoclonal antibodies 24h prior to challenge

Driskell et al. (2010)

• No pre-infection immunization

References

Allen, James D., and Ted M. Ross. 2024. “mRNA Vaccines Encoding Computationally Optimized Hemagglutinin Elicit Protective Antibodies Against Future Antigenically Drifted H1N1 and H3N2 Influenza Viruses Isolated Between 2018-2020.” Front Immunol 15 (March): 1334670. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1334670.

Bimler, Lynn, Sydney L. Ronzulli, Amber Y. Song, Scott K. Johnson, Cheryl A. Jones, Teha Kim, Duy T. Le, S. Mark Tompkins, and Silke Paust. 2021. “Matrix Protein 2 Extracellular Domain-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies Are an Effective and Potentially Universal Treatment for Influenza A.” J Virol 95 (5): e01027–20. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01027-20.

Chopra, Pradeep, Caroline K. Page, Justin D. Shepard, Sean D. Ray, Ahmed Kandeil, Trushar Jeevan, Andrew S. Bowman, et al. 2024. “Receptor Binding Specificity of a Bovine A(H5N1) Influenza Virus.” bioRxiv, July, 2024.07.30.605893. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.30.605893.

Curran, Shelly J., Emily F. Griffin, Lucas M. Ferreri, Constantinos S. Kyriakis, Elizabeth W. Howerth, Daniel R. Perez, and S. Mark Tompkins. 2024. “Swine Influenza A Virus Isolates Containing the Pandemic H1N1 Origin Matrix Gene Elicit Greater Disease in the Murine Model.” Microbiol Spectr 12 (3): e03386–23. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.03386-23.

Driskell, Elizabeth A., Cheryl A. Jones, David E. Stallknecht, Elizabeth W. Howerth, and S. Mark Tompkins. 2010. “Avian Influenza Virus Isolates from Wild Birds Replicate and Cause Disease in a Mouse Model of Infection.” Virology 399 (2): 280–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2010.01.005.

Hoxie, Irene, Kirill Vasilev, Jordan J. Clark, Kaitlyn Bushfield, Benjamin Francis, Madhumathi Loganathan, John D. Campbell, et al. 2024. “A Recombinant N2 Neuraminidase-Based CpG 1018® Adjuvanted Vaccine Provides Protection Against Challenge with Heterologous Influenza Viruses in Mice and Hamsters.” Vaccine 42 (24): 126269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126269.

Lieber, Carolin M., Megha Aggarwal, Jeong-Joong Yoon, Robert M. Cox, Hae-Ji Kang, Julien Sourimant, Mart Toots, et al. 2023. “4’-Fluorouridine Mitigates Lethal Infection with Pandemic Human and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses.” PLoS Pathog 19 (4): e1011342. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011342.

Luczo, Jasmina M., Illiassou Hamidou Soumana, Katie L. Reagin, Preston Dihle, Elodie Ghedin, Kimberly D. Klonowski, Eric T. Harvill, and Stephen M. Tompkins. 2023. “Bordetella Bronchiseptica-Mediated Interference Prevents Influenza A Virus Replication in the Murine Nasal Cavity.” Microbiology Spectrum 11 (2): e04735–22. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.04735-22.

Mooney, Alaina J., Jon D. Gabbard, Zhuo Li, Daniel A. Dlugolenski, Scott K. Johnson, Ralph A. Tripp, Biao He, and S. Mark Tompkins. 2017. “Vaccination with Recombinant Parainfluenza Virus 5 Expressing Neuraminidase Protects Against Homologous and Heterologous Influenza Virus Challenge.” J Virol 91 (23): e01579–17. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01579-17.

Nachbagauer, Raffael, David Shore, Hua Yang, Scott K. Johnson, Jon D. Gabbard, S. Mark Tompkins, Jens Wrammert, et al. 2018. “Broadly Reactive Human Monoclonal Antibodies Elicited Following Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus Exposure Protect Mice Against Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Challenge.” J Virol 92 (16): e00949–18. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00949-18.

Page, Caroline K., Justin D. Shepard, Sean D. Ray, James A. Ferguson, Alesandra J. Rodriguez, Julianna Han, Joel C. Jacob, et al. 2025. “Neuraminidase-Specific Antibodies Drive Differential Cross-Protection Between Contemporary FLUBV Lineages.” Sci Adv 11 (13): eadu3344. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adu3344.

Pliasas, Vasilis C., Peter J. Neasham, Maria C. Naskou, Rachel Neto, Philip G. Strate, J. Fletcher North, Stephen Pedroza, et al. 2023. “Heterologous Prime-Boost H1N1 Vaccination Exacerbates Disease Following Challenge with a Mismatched H1N2 Influenza Virus in the Swine Model.” Front Immunol 14 (October): 1253626. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1253626.

Smith, Jennifer Humberd, Mark Papania, Darin Knaus, Paula Brooks, Debra L. Haas, Raydel Mair, James Barry, S. Mark Tompkins, and Ralph A. Tripp. 2012. “Nebulized Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Provides Protection in Ferrets at a Reduced Dose.” Vaccine 30 (19): 3026–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.092.

Uno, Naoko, Thomas Ebensen, Carlos A. Guzman, and Ted M. Ross. 2024. “Intranasal Administration of Octavalent Next-Generation Influenza Vaccine Elicits Protective Immune Responses Against Seasonal and Pre-Pandemic Viruses.” J Virol 98 (9): e00354–24. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00354-24.

Uno, Naoko, and Ted M. Ross. 2024. “Multivalent Next Generation Influenza Virus Vaccines Protect Against Seasonal and Pre-Pandemic Viruses.” Sci Rep 14 (January): 1440. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-51024-0.